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Catholics, Protestants, and Jews have an opportunity to be officially counted, as the German tax return forms instruct you to check on your faith for the purpose of allocating revenues to the recognized faiths. However, with the developing formation of a Turkish middle class in Germany, there is an increasing number of people of Turkish-origin who are proficient in using the standard German language, particularly in academia and the arts.

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Bistro Esposito, Rendsburg. 538 მოწონება · 164 იყო აქ. Lust auf leckere Pizza, saftige Burger oder frische Pasta? Dann sind Sie bei uns genau an der richtigen Stelle. Unsere Philosophie ist einfach:...

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By Frederick the Great stated that:. By , an Ottoman legation existed at the Prussian court in Berlin. Its third envoy, Ali Aziz Efendi , died in which led to the establishment of the first Muslim cemetery in Germany.

Once trading treaties were established between the Ottomans and the Prussians in the nineteenth century, Turks and Germans were encouraged to cross over to each other's lands for trade. During this time, there were also marriages between Germans and Turks. In the mid-twentieth century, West Germany experienced the Wirtschaftswunder "economic miracle" ; however, the construction of the Berlin Wall in exacerbated West Germany's labour crisis by restricting the flow of immigrants from East Germany.

Consequently, in the same year, the West German government signed a labour recruitment agreement with the Republic of Turkey on 30 October , and officially invited the Turkish people to emigrate to the country.

By —62, German employers played a crucial role in pressuring the State to end the two-year limitation clause of the " Gastarbeiter " "guest worker" agreement so that Turkish workers could stay in West Germany for longer.

Indeed, return-migration had increased during the recession of , the oil crisis , followed by the policy of giving remigration bonuses in the early s. The fall of the Berlin Wall in , and the reunification of East and West Germany , was followed by intense public debate around the articulations of national identity and citizenship, including the place of Germany's Turkish minority in the future of a united Germany.

These debates about citizenship were accompanied by expressions of xenophobia and ethnic violence that targeted the Turkish population. Turkish communities experienced considerable fear for their safety throughout Germany, with some 1, reported cases of right wing violence, and 2, cases the year after.

Citizenship laws that established eligibility according to place of birth rather than according to descent have been slow in coming and restrictions on dual citizenship are still onerous. The migration of Turkish Bulgarians to Germany increased further once communism in Bulgaria ended in Hence, from the early s onwards many Bulgarian Turks sought asylum in Germany. The number of Turkish Bulgarians in Germany has significantly increased since Bulgaria was admitted into the European Union , which has allowed many Bulgarian Turks to use the freedom of movement to enter Germany.

The Bulgarian Turks have generally been attracted to Germany because they rely on the well-established Turkish-German community for gaining employment. Thus, the social network of the first waves of political emigration, as well as the preservation of kinship, has opened an opportunity for many Turkish Bulgarian to continue to migrate to Western Europe, [66] with the majoirity continuing to arrive in Germany.

From the s onwards, the Turkish minority of Greece , particularly the Turks of Western Thrace , began to immigrate to Germany alongside other Greek citizens. Article 19 of the Greek Constitution essentially stripped the Western Thrace Turks living abroad particularly those in Germany and Turkey of their Greek citizenship.

A person of non-Greek ethnic origin leaving Greece without the intention of returning may be declared as having lost Greek nationality. This law continued to affect Western Thrace Turks studying in Germany in the late s, who intended to return to Greece. A report published by the Human Rights Watch in confirmed that:.

Under Article 19, ethnic Turks can be stripped of their citizenship by an administrative decree, without a hearing. According to the U. State Department's Country Report, under Greek law there can be no judicial review and there is no effective right of appeal.

Despite many being stripped of their Greek citizenship since , migration of Western Thrace Turks to Germany has continued to increase significantly. Firstly, in the s and s many came to Germany because the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income. She was the first Muslim to be elected for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. There has been migration from the Turkish Macedonian minority group which have come to Germany alongside other citizens of North Macedonia , including ethnic Macedonians and Albanian Macedonians.

Between and there was a significant decrease in the population of the Turkish Romanian minority group due to the admission of Romania into the European Union and the subsequent relaxation of the travelling and migration regulations. Hence, Turkish Romanians, especially from the Dobruja region, have joined other Romanian citizens e. As of , there are approximately 2, Turkish Cypriots in Germany, [77] which is the second largest Turkish Cypriot diaspora in Western Europe after the UK.

These Representative Offices and Honorary Representatives also promote friendly relations between Northern Cyprus and Germany, as well as economic and cultural relations.

Due to the numerous wars in Lebanon since the s onwards, many Turkish Lebanese people have sought refuge in Turkey and Europe , particularly in Germany. Indeed, many Lebanese Turks were aware of the large Turkish-German population and saw this as an opportunity to find work once settling in Europe. In particular, the largest wave of Turkish Lebanese migration occurred once the Israel-Lebanon war of began. In there were 85, Iraqis living in Germany, of which approximately 7, were from the Turkish Iraqi minority group ; hence, the Iraqi Turks formed around 8.

The association includes Syrian Turkmen youth activists originating from all Syrian cities and who are now living across Western European cities.

The German state does not allow citizens to self-declare their identity; consequently, the statistics published in the official German census does not show data on ethnicity. As early as i. Throughout the decades estimates by academics of the Turkish-German population have varied. In , David Scott Bell et al. Blank et al. In , Ina Kötter et al. As of , numerous scholars have estimated that there are approximately 7 million Turks in Germany, including Graham E. Fuller , [13] [] James G.

Lacey, [] Daniela Coli, [] and George K. Zestos and Rachel N. The Turkish community in Germany is concentrated predominantly in urban centers. The vast majority are found in the former West Germany , particularly in industrial regions such as the states of North Rhine-Westphalia where a third of Turkish Germans live , [] and Baden-Württemberg and the working-class neighbourhoods of cities like Berlin especially in Neukölln , Hamburg , Bremen , Cologne , Duisburg , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Mannheim , Mainz , Nuremberg , Munich , and Stuttgart.

In regards to return-migration, many Turkish nationals and Turkish Germans have also migrated from Germany to Turkey , for retirement or professional reasons. Official German records show that there are 2. Turkish immigrants make up Germany's largest immigrant group and have been ranked last in Berlin Institute's integration ranking.

For decades Turkish citizens in Germany were unable to become German citizens because of the traditional German construct of "nationhood". The legal notion of citizenship was based on "blood ties" of a German parent jus sanguinis — as opposed to citizenship based on country of birth and residence jus soli. This adhered to the political notion that Germany was not a country of immigration. In Germany's citizenship law was somewhat relaxed with the introduction of the Foreigner's Law; this gave Turkish workers the right to apply for a permanent residency permit after eight years of living in the country.

Hence, they were deprived of the right to hold dual citizenship because it would increase the Turkish population in the country.

Chancellor Helmut Kohl officially stated this as the main reason for denying dual citizenship in when he said the following:.

If today [] we give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany, instead of three million - Chancellor Helmut Kohl , in Nonetheless, another citizenship reform law was soon introduced after Helmut Kohl finished his last term as Chancellor. The Citizenship Law of , which was officially taken into effect on 1 January , has facilitated the acquisition of German citizenship for people born outside of Germany, making it available to Turkish immigrants after eight years of legal residence in the country.

Former Turkish citizens who have given up their citizenship can apply for the "Blue Card" Mavi Kart , which gives them some rights in Turkey, such as the right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess and inherit land or the right to inherit; however, they do not have the right to vote. In the Embassy of Germany, Washington, D. The Turkish people who immigrated to Germany brought their culture with them, including their language, religion, food, and arts.

These cultural traditions have also been passed down to their descendants who maintain these values. Consequently, Turkish Germans have also exposed their culture to the greater German society.

Numerous Turkish restaurants, grocery stores, teahouses, and mosques are scattered across Germany. The Turks in Germany have also been exposed to German culture , which has influenced the Turkish dialect spoken by the Turkish community in Germany. Turkish cuisine first arrived in Germany during the sixteenth century and was consumed among aristocratic circles. By the early s Turks began to open fast-food restaurants serving popular kebap dishes.

Since the s, Turks have opened grocery stores and open-air markets where they sell ingredients suitable for Turkish home-cooking, such as spices, fruits, and vegetables. It was brought to the country by Turkish immigrants who spoke it as their first language. These immigrants mainly learned German through employment, mass media, and social settings, and it has now become a second language for many of them. In general, Turkish Germans become bilingual at an early age, learning Turkish at home and German in state schools; thereafter, a dialectal variety often remains in their repertoire of both languages.

Consequently, they often speak the Turkish language with a German accent or a modelled German dialect. Parents generally encourage their children to improve their Turkish language skills further by attending private Turkish classes or choosing Turkish as a subject at school.

In some states of Germany the Turkish language has even been approved as a subject to be studied for the Abitur. Turkish has also been influential in greater German society.

For example, advertisements and banners in public spaces can be found written in Turkish. Hence, it is also familiar to other ethnic groups - it can even serve as a vernacular for some non-Turkish children and adolescents in urban neighborhoods with dominant Turkish communities.

It is also common within the Turkish community to code-switch between the German and Turkish languages. However, with the developing formation of a Turkish middle class in Germany, there is an increasing number of people of Turkish-origin who are proficient in using the standard German language, particularly in academia and the arts. The Turkish people in Germany are predominantly Muslim and form the largest ethnic group which practices Islam in Germany.

It has been criticized that there is a media and political bias against Turkish Germans compared to Kurds in Germany, for example, when pro-Erdogan Turkish-Germans demonstrate the media and many politicians warn against these demonstrations, but the same media and politicians remain silent about the many regular pro-PKK Kurdish demonstrations.

In the German journalist Günter Wallraff shocked the German public with his internationally successful book Ganz unten "In the Pits" or "Way Down" in which he reported the discrimination faced by Turkish people in German society. He disguised himself as a Turkish worker called "Ali Levent" for over two years and took on minimal-wage jobs and confronted German institutions.

He found that many employers did not register or insure their Turkish workers. Major employers like Thyssen did not give their Turkish workers adequate breaks and did not pay them their full wage. It has been, and still is, also reported that Turkish-Germans were being discriminated against at school from early age and in workplaces. It has also been found that teachers discriminate on non German sounding names and tend to give worse grades just based on names. The studies showed that even though a student might have had the exact number of right and wrong answers, or the exact paper, the teachers favour German names.

There are also the reports of discrimination against Turkish-Germans in other areas such as sports, one example being the discrimination against the football player Mesut Özil.

The fall of the Berlin wall in , and the reunification of Germany , saw a sharp rise in violent attacks against Turkish-Germans. A series of arson attacks, bombings, and shootings have targeted the Turkish community in both public and private spaces, such as in their homes, cultural centres, and businesses.

Consequently, many victims have been killed or severely injured by these attacks. On 9 March , Mustafa Demiral de , aged 56, was attacked by two neo-Nazis whilst waiting at a bus stop in Mülheim.

One of the attackers pointed a gun at the victim and pulled the trigger several times but no shot went off; nonetheless, Demiral suffered a heart-attack and died at the scene of the crime. The German Chancellor Helmut Kohl did not attend the memorial services.

Neo-Nazi attacks continued throughout the s. For example, on 18 February , the Bayram family were attacked on their doorstep by a neo-Nazi neighbour in Darmstadt. Racist violence persisted through to the twenty-first century. Between and several Turkish shopkeepers were attacked in numerous cities in Germany. The attacks were popularly called the " Bosphorus serial murders " Bosporus-Morde or the " Döner murders " Dönermorde - which saw eight Turkish and one Greek person killed.

Initially, the German media suspected that Turkish gangs were behind these murders. However, by it came to light that the perpetrators were in fact the neo-Nazi group the National Socialist Underground. By 3 February , nine Turkish people, including five children, died in a blaze in Ludwigshafen.

Not all attacks on Turks have been perpetrated by neo-Nazi right-wing Germans. For example, the perpetrator of a mass shooting in Munich on 22 July who deliberately targeted people of Turkish and Arab origin. On 19 February , a German neo-nazi who expressed hate for non-German people, carried out two mass shootings in the city of Hanau , killing nine foreigners. He then returned to his home, killed his mother and committed suicide.

Five of the nine victims were Turkish citizens. Racism and xenophobia in Germany grew during the COVID pandemic , causing an increase in attacks targeting the Turkish community in country. For example, on 2 April , in Hamburg , a German family of Turkish descent had received a threatening letter with xenophobic content that allegedly contains the coronavirus.

In , the Die Welt and Bild reported that new Turkish motorbike gang, the Osmanien Germania is growing rapidly. As a result of the immigration wave in the s and s, far right and ultranationalist organisations established themselves in Germany such as the Grey Wolves , Türkische Föderation der Idealistenvereine in Deutschland, Europäisch-Türkische Union ATB and Türkisch Islamische Union Europa ATIB , which brought the conflicts from their home country with them with racism towards Kurds and Armenians in Germany.

The first phase in Turkish-German Cinema began in the s and lasted through to the s; it involved writers placing much of their attention on story-lines that represented the living and working conditions of the Turkish immigrant workers in Germany. Critical engagements in story-telling increased further by the turn of the twenty-first century. Numerous films of the s onwards launched the careers of many film directors, writers, and actors and actresses.

By focusing on similarities and differences of the two cultures using comedy, these films have shifted from the earlier Turkish-German drama films of the s which focused on culture clashes; in its place, these films have celebrated integration and interethnic romance.

Indeed, stories confronting Turkish labour migration, and debates about integration , multiculturalism , and identity, are reoccurring themes in Turkish-German cinema. Nonetheless, not all films directed, produced or written by Turkish Germans are necessarily about the "Turkish-experience" in Germany. Several Turkish Germans have been involved in other genres, such as Bülent Akinci who directed the German drama Running on Empty , [] Mennan Yapo who has directed the American supernatural thriller Premonition , [] and Thomas Arslan de who directed the German Western film Gold Several Turkish-origin actors from Germany have also starred in Turkish films, such as Haluk Piyes who starred in O da beni seviyor In the first decade of the twenty-first century several German television series in which the experience of Turkish-Germans as a major theme gained popularity in Germany and in some cases gained popularity abroad too.

For example, Sinan Toprak ist der Unbestechliche "Sinan Toprak is the Incorruptible", and Mordkommission Istanbul "Murder Squad Istanbul", —present which both star Erol Sander. Another popular Turkish-German TV series was Alle lieben Jimmy "Everybody Loves Jimmy", starring Eralp Uzun de and Gülcan Kamps. Adnan Maral plays the role of a widower of two children who marries an ethnic German mother of two children - forming the Öztürk-Schneider family.

The comedy consisted of fifty-two episodes and three seasons. Whilst Turkish-origin journalists are still underrepresented, several have made successful careers as reporters and TV presenters including Erkan Arikan de [] and Nazan Eckes. Many Turkish Germans have also starred in numerous critically acclaimed Turkish drama series. One of the first comedians of Turkish-origin to begin a career as a mainstream comedian is Django Asül who began his career in satire in the s.

By the broadcasting agency RTL aired Ceylan's own comedy show The Bulent Ceylan Show. Since the s Turkish people in Germany have produced a range of literature.

Their work became widely available from the late s onwards, when Turkish-origin writers began to gain sponsorships by German institutions and major publishing houses. In particular, German audiences have often been captivated by Oriental depictions of the Turkish community.

Hence, the Turkish music industry became very profitable in Germany. By the s, the " arabesque " genre erupted in Turkey and became particularly popular among Turks in Germany. These songs were often played and sang by the Turkish community in Germany in coffee houses and taverns that replicated those in Turkey. Consequently, by the end of the s, some Turks in Germany began to produce their own music, such as Metin Türköz de who took up themes of the Turkish immigration journey and their working conditions.

In general, many Turkish Germans were brought up listening to Turkish pop music, which greatly influenced the music they began to produce. They were also influenced by hip-hop music and rap music. Examples of Oriental-pop and rap emerged in the early s with Bassturk's first single "Yana Yana" "Side by Side".

In several Turkish-German musicians released the song "Sen de bizdensin" "You are one of us". The vocalists included Eko Fresh , Elif Batman , Mehtab Guitar , Özlem Özdil de , and Volkan Baydar de.

Dergin Tokmak de , Ercandize , Serdar Bogatekin , and Zafer Kurus were also involved in the production. There are also some musicians who perform and produce songs in the English language, such as Alev Lenz , [] DJ Quicksilver , [] DJ Sakin , [] and Mousse T. Especially in the s, Turkish-German rap groups have sold hundreds of thousands of albums and singles in Turkey, telling their stories of integration and assimilation struggles they experienced due to discrimination they faced during their upbringing in Germany.

Many football players of Turkish origin in Germany have been successful in first-division German and Turkish football clubs, as well as other European clubs. However, in regards to playing for national teams, many players of Turkish origin who were born in Germany have chosen to play for the Turkish national football team. Nonetheless, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of players choosing to represent Germany. In addition, there are also several Turkish-German referees, including Deniz Aytekin.

The Turkish community in Germany has also been active in establishing their own football clubs such as Berlin Türkspor established in and Türkiyemspor Berlin established in Türkiyemspor Berlin were the Champions in the Berlin-Liga in the year They were the winners of the Berliner Landespokal in , , and The Turks in Germany began to be active in politics by establishing associations and federations in the s and s — though these were mainly based on Turkish politics rather than German politics.

With the reunification of East Germany and West Germany , unemployment in the country had increased and some political parties, particularly the Christian Democratic Union CDU , used anti-immigration discourses as a political tool in their campaigns. This played an important gateway for those who aspired to become politicians. In Leyla Onur de from the SPD and Cem Özdemir from the Green Party became MPs in the Federal Parliament. They were both re-elected in the elections and were joined by Ekin Deligöz from the Green party.

Deligöz and Özdemir were both re-elected as MPs for the Greens and Lale Akgün was elected as an MP for the SPD in the elections. By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the number of German MPs of Turkish origin remained similar to the previous elections.

For example, in Cem Özdemir became the co-chair of the Green Party. In Aygül Özkan was appointed as the Women, Family, Health and Integration Minister, making her the first ever minister of Turkish origin or the Muslim faith.

By , Bilkay Öney de from the SPD was appointed as Integration Minister in the Baden-Württemberg State. Since the German elections , Turkish-origin MPs have been elected into Federal Parliament from four different parties. Cemile Giousouf , whose parents immigrated from Greece , became the first person of Western Thracian Turkish-origin to become an MP. Giousouf was the first Turkish-origin MP and first Muslim to be elected from the CDU party. Özdemir, at the time of his election, became the youngest MP in the German Parliament.

Some Turks born or raised in Germany have entered Turkish politics. Germany is effectively Turkey's 4th largest electoral district. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ethnic group in Germany. North Rhine-Westphalia Stuttgart Munich Berlin Frankfurt Hanover Nuremberg Hamburg.

See also: Turks in Bulgaria and Bulgarians in Germany. See also: Turks in Greece and Greeks in Germany. See also: Turks in North Macedonia and Macedonians in Germany. See also: Turks in Romania and Romanians in Germany. See also: Turks in Lebanon and Lebanese people in Germany. See also: Iraqi Turkmens and Iraqis in Germany. See also: Syrian Turkmen and Syrians in Germany. See also: Demographics of Germany.

See also: List of German locations named after people and places of Turkish origin. See also: Parallel society. See also: Languages of Germany.

See also: Religion in Germany , Islam in Germany , and Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs. See also: Turkish-German Cinema and Turkish hip hop.

See also: List of German-Turkish authors. See also: List of Turkish Germans. Germany portal Turkey portal. Retrieved 25 April Source of Conflict? Each year, about 20, of them are nationalized, but 79, babies are born Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in Context. Wenn Sie die Zahlung abgeschlossen haben, können Sie die Gesamtkosten und die einzelnen Beträge, die Sie an den Verkäufer und das globale Versandunternehmen gezahlt haben, unter Einzelheiten zum Kauf einsehen.

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Bistro Esposito, Rendsburg. Gefällt 538 Mal · 164 waren hier. Lust auf leckere Pizza, saftige Burger oder frische Pasta? Dann sind Sie bei uns genau an der richtigen Stelle. Unsere Philosophie ist...Followers: 551

Bistro Esposito, Rendsburg. მოწონება · იყო აქ. Lust auf leckere Pizza, saftige Burger oder frische Pasta? Dann sind Sie bei uns genau an der richtigen Stelle. Unsere Philosophie ist einfach. Turks in Germany, also referred to as German Turks and Turkish Germans (German: Türken in Deutschland / Deutsch-Türken; Turkish: Almanya'da yaşayan Türkler / Almanya Türkleri), are ethnic Turkish people living in levinguitars.eu terms are also used to refer to German-born individuals who are of full or partial Turkish ancestry. Whilst the majority of Turks arrived or originate from Turkey. Best Dining in Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein: See 1, Tripadvisor traveler reviews of 49 Rendsburg restaurants and by cuisine, price, location, and more.

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These Esposkto are also used to refer to German-born individuals who are of full or partial Turkish ancestry. Whilst the majority of Turks arrived or originate from Turkeythere are also significant ethnic Turkish communities living in Germany who come from or descend from Southeastern Europe i. Balkan Turks from BulgariaGreeceNorth MacedoniaSerbia and Romaniathe island of Cyprus i.

Turkish Cypriots from both the Republic Esposito Rendsburg Cyprus and Northern Cyprus[17] Rendburg well as Turkish commuities from other parts of the Levant including IraqLebanonand Syria.

At present, ethnic Turkish people form the largest ethnic minority in Germany. Turks who immigrated to Germany brought cultural elements with them, including the Redsburg language and Islam.

These cultural values are often passed down to their children and descendants, but Turkish Germans are also increasingly secular.

Greater German society has also been exposed to Turkish culture, particularly in regards to Turkish food and the arts. During a series of invading Crusades Esposito Rendsburg European-Christian armies into lands ruled by Turkic rulers in Homer Drooling Esposito Rendsburg Eastnamely under the Seljuk Turks in the Seljuk Empire and the Rum Seljuk Sultanate but also the Bahri Mamluk Rwndsburgmany crusaders brought back Esposito Rendsburg male and female prisoners of war to Europe; women were generally baptised and then Esposito Rendsburg whilst "every returning baron and count had [male] prisoners of war in his entourage.

By Soltan married Rebekka Dohlerin; he was baptised the following year as "Johann Soldan", but "out of special Rejdsburg to him", the Count "gave him a Turkish nobility coat of arms".

Rendsgurg Church as "Johannes Soldan". Goethe] with oriental ancestors is by no means a rare exception. Soldan [ de ] ". The Ottoman Turks held two sieges in Vienna : the first Siege of Vienna in and the Second Siege of Vienna in The aftermath of the second siege provided the circumstances for a Turkish community to permanently settle in Germany.

Many Ottoman soldiers and camp followers who were left behind after the second siege of Vienna became stragglers or prisoners. It is estimated that at least Turkish prisoners were forcibly settled in Germany. Some Turks fared very well in Rfndsburg for example, one Ottoman Turk is recorded to have been raised to the Hanoverian nobility. The aftermath of the second siege of Vienna led to a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Leagueknown as the " Great Turkish War ", or the "War of the Holy League", which led to a series of Ottoman defeats.

The Turkish captives taken to Germany were not solely made up of men. Fatima and Augustus had two children: their son, Frederick Augustus Rutowskybecame the commander of the Saxon army Essposito [39] whilst their daughter, Maria Anna Katharina Rutowskamarried into Polish nobility.

Records show that at this point it was not uncommon for Turks in Germany to convert to Christianity. For example, records show that 28 Turks converted to Christianity and were settled in Württemberg.

With the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia inTurkish people continued to enter Rendsbburg German lands as soldiers employed by the Prussian kings.

For example, inthe Duke of Espoisto presented twenty Turkish guardsmen to King Frederick William Iand at Steffi Nackt time, about 1, Muslim soldiers are said to have served in the Prussian cavalry.

By Frederick the Great stated that:. Byan Ottoman legation existed at the Prussian court in Berlin. Its third envoy, Ali Aziz Efendidied in which led to the establishment of the Esposiho Muslim cemetery in Germany. Once trading treaties were established between the Ottomans and the Esposito Rendsburg in the nineteenth century, Turks and Germans were encouraged to cross over Rendssburg each other's lands for trade. During this time, Espoisto were also marriages between Germans and Turks.

In the mid-twentieth century, West Germany experienced the Wirtschaftswunder "economic miracle" ; however, the Esposito Rendsburg of the Berlin Wall in exacerbated West Germany's labour crisis Rendsbirg restricting the flow of immigrants from East Germany.

Consequently, in the same year, the West German government signed a labour recruitment agreement with the Republic of Turkey on 30 Octoberand officially invited the Turkish people to Esposito Rendsburg to the country.

By —62, German employers played a crucial role in pressuring the State to end the two-year limitation clause of the " Gastarbeiter " "guest worker" agreement so that Turkish workers could stay in West Germany for longer. Indeed, return-migration had increased during the recession ofthe oil crisisfollowed Esposto the policy of giving remigration bonuses in the early s.

The fall of the Berlin Wall inand the reunification of East and West Germanywas followed by Rendsbufg public debate around the articulations of national identity and citizenship, Esosito the place of Germany's Turkish minority in the future of a united Germany. These debates about citizenship were accompanied by expressions of xenophobia and ethnic violence that targeted the Turkish population. Turkish communities experienced considerable fear for their safety throughout Germany, with some 1, reported cases of right wing violence, and 2, cases the year after.

Rendsbur laws Esopsito established eligibility according to place of birth rather than according to descent have been slow in coming and restrictions on dual citizenship are still onerous.

The migration of Renxsburg Bulgarians to Germany increased further once communism in Bulgaria ended in Hence, from the early s onwards many Bulgarian Turks sought asylum in Germany.

The number of Turkish Bulgarians in Germany has significantly increased since Bulgaria was admitted into the European Unionwhich has allowed many Bulgarian Turks to use the freedom of movement to enter Germany. The Bulgarian Turks have generally been attracted to Germany because they rely on the well-established Turkish-German community for gaining employment.

Thus, the social network of the first waves of political emigration, as well as the preservation of kinship, has opened an Espostio for many Turkish Essposito to continue to migrate to Western Europe, Renddsburg with the majoirity Espostio to arrive in Germany. From the s onwards, the Turkish minority of Greeceparticularly the Turks of Eierberg Bochum Thracebegan to immigrate to Germany alongside other Greek citizens.

Article 19 of the Greek Constitution essentially stripped the Western Thrace Turks living abroad particularly those in Germany and Turkey of their Greek citizenship. A person of Rendaburg ethnic origin leaving Greece without the intention of returning may be declared as having lost Greek nationality.

This law continued to affect Western Thrace Turks studying in Germany in the late s, who intended to return to Greece.

A report published by the Human Rights Watch in confirmed that:. Under Article 19, ethnic Turks can be stripped of their citizenship by an administrative decree, without a hearing. According to the U. State Department's Country Report, under Greek law there can be no Esopsito review and there is no effective right of appeal. Despite many being stripped of their Espposito citizenship sincemigration of Western Thrace Turks to Germany has continued to increase significantly. Firstly, in the s and s many came to Germany because the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income.

She was the first Muslim to be elected for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. There Esppsito been migration from the Turkish Macedonian minority group Esposito Rendsburg have come to Germany alongside other citizens of North Macedoniaincluding ethnic Macedonians and Albanian Macedonians.

Between Esposito Rendsburg there was a significant decrease in the population of the Turkish Romanian minority group due to the admission of Romania into the European Union and the subsequent Rendsburf of the Rendsbrug and migration regulations.

Hence, Turkish Romanians, especially from the Dobruja region, have joined other Romanian citizens e. As ofthere are approximately 2, Esposito Rendsburg Cypriots in Germany, [77] which is the Rendsbufg largest Turkish Cypriot diaspora in Western Europe after the UK.

These Representative Offices and Honorary Representatives also promote friendly relations between Northern Cyprus and Germany, as well as economic and cultural relations. Due Esposoto the numerous wars in Lebanon since the s onwards, many Turkish Lebanese people have sought refuge Esposito Rendsburg Turkey and Europeparticularly in Germany. Indeed, many Lebanese Turks were aware of the large Turkish-German population and saw this as an opportunity to find work once settling in Europe.

In particular, the largest wave of Turkish Lebanese migration occurred once the Israel-Lebanon war of began. In there were 85, Iraqis living in Germany, of which approximately 7, were from the Turkish Iraqi minority group ; hence, the Iraqi Turks Rendshurg around 8.

The association includes Syrian Turkmen youth activists originating from all Syrian cities and who are now living across Western European cities. The Esposito Rendsburg state does not allow citizens to self-declare their identity; consequently, the statistics published in the official German census does not show data on ethnicity.

As early as i. Throughout the decades estimates by academics of the Turkish-German population have varied. InDavid Scott Bell et al. Blank et al. InRendsbur Kötter et al. As ofnumerous scholars have estimated that there are approximately 7 million Turks in Germany, including Graham E. Fuller[13] [] James Esposito Rendsburg. Lacey, [] Daniela Coli, [] and George K. Zestos and Rachel N. The Turkish community in X3arab Com is concentrated predominantly in urban centers.

The vast majority are found in the former West Germanyparticularly in industrial regions such as the states of North Rhine-Westphalia where a third of Esposito Rendsburg Germans live[] and Baden-Württemberg and the working-class neighbourhoods of cities like Berlin especially in NeuköllnSchlaftablette ZyklopBremenCologneDuisburgDüsseldorfFrankfurtMannheimMainzNurembergMunichand Stuttgart.

In regards to return-migration, many Turkish nationals and Turkish Germans have also migrated from Germany to Turkeyfor retirement or professional reasons. Official German records show that there are 2. Turkish immigrants make up Germany's largest immigrant group and Hobbyhure Stade been ranked last in Berlin Institute's integration ranking.

For decades Turkish citizens in Germany were unable to become German citizens because of the traditional German construct of "nationhood". The legal Esposito Rendsburg of citizenship was based on Tia Cyrus ties" of a German parent jus sanguinis — as opposed to citizenship based on country of birth and residence jus soli.

This adhered to Rendsbirg political notion that Rendsbyrg was not Caitlin Mcswain country of immigration. In Germany's citizenship Esposuto was somewhat relaxed with the introduction of the Foreigner's Law; this gave Turkish workers the right to apply for a permanent residency permit after eight years of living in the country.

Hence, they were deprived of the right to hold Esposiro citizenship because it would increase the Turkish population in the country. Chancellor Helmut Kohl officially stated this as the main reason for denying Esposito Rendsburg citizenship in when he said the following:. If today [] we give Esposto to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany, instead of Rendsbug million - Chancellor Helmut Kohlin Nonetheless, another citizenship reform law was soon introduced after Helmut Kohl finished his last term as Chancellor.

The Citizenship Law ofwhich was officially taken into effect on 1 Januaryhas facilitated the acquisition of German citizenship for people born outside Forensische Genetik Germany, making it available to Turkish immigrants after eight years of legal residence in the country. Former Turkish citizens who have given up their citizenship can apply for the "Blue Card" Mavi Kartwhich gives them some rights in Turkey, such as Esposito Rendsburg right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess and inherit land or the right to inherit; however, they do not have the right sEposito vote.

In the Embassy of Germany, Washington, D. The Turkish people who immigrated to Germany brought their culture with them, including their language, religion, food, and arts. These cultural traditions have also been passed down to their descendants who maintain these values. Consequently, Turkish Germans have also exposed their culture to the greater German society.

Numerous Turkish Esposito Rendsburg, grocery stores, teahouses, and mosques are scattered across Germany. The Turks in Germany have also been exposed to German culturewhich has influenced the Turkish dialect spoken by the Turkish community in Germany.

Turkish cuisine first arrived in Germany during the sixteenth century and Rendsbhrg consumed among aristocratic circles. By the early s Turks began to open fast-food restaurants serving popular kebap Rndsburg. Since the s, Turks have opened grocery stores and open-air markets where they sell ingredients suitable for Turkish home-cooking, such as spices, fruits, and vegetables. It was brought to the country by Turkish immigrants who spoke it as their first language.