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Alevism - Wikipedia

Alevism (/ æ ˈ l ɛ v ɪ z ə m /; Turkish: Alevilik, Anadolu Aleviliği or Kızılbaşlık; Kurdish: Rêya Heqî ‎) is a local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Alevi Islamic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, who is supposed to have taught the teachings of Ali and the Twelve Imams.Differing from Sunnism and other Twelver Shia, Alevis have no binding religious dogmas ...

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Heteronormative Othering 1 Kira Kosnick In feminist theorisations of intersectionality, understood as the intersecting of hierarchical axes of difference, the 'classical triad' of 'race',dass and gender has increasingly been augmented with other dimensions ofsocio-cultural and economic inequality, including that of sexual orientation.

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Alevism is the second-largest Islamic denomination in Turkey, with Sunni Hanafi denomination being the largest. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , a dispute arose about his legitimate successor. The Islamic community was divided into those who adhered to Abu Bakr , who later became known as Sunnis , and those who sided with Ali , called Shia. Concurrently, people who sided with Ali were called Alevis , defined as "those who adore Ali and his family".

Some practices of the Alevis are based on the Sufi doctrines of the Bektashi [3] Tariqa. A minority viewpoint is that of the Ishikists , who assert, "Alevi" was derived from "Alev" " flame " in Turkish in reference to fire which is extensively used in Alevi rituals.

According to them the use of candles is based on Quran chapter 24, verses 35 and The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire.

Light upon light, God guides to His light whom He pleases. And God sets forth examples for the people, and God is aware of all things. Lit is such a Light in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, again and again. Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition, traditionally kept secret from outsiders but now widely accessible.

Alevis commonly profess the Islamic shahada , but adding "Ali is the friend of God". Also included are hymns nefes by figures such as Shah Ismail or Pir Sultan Abdal , stories of Hajji Bektash and other lore. In Alevi cosmology , God is also called Al-Haqq the Truth [18] or referred to as Allah. God created life, so the created world can reflect His Being. Rather, Muhammad and Ali are representations of Allah's light and not of Allah himself , being neither independent from God, nor separate characteristics of Him.

In Alevi writings are many references to the unity of Muhammad and Ali , such as:. I've seen an apple, all praise is for God [20]. Alevis believe in the immortality of the soul. Alevis believe in Satan who is the one that encourages human's evil desires nefs. Alevis believe in an existence of spiritual creatures, such as the jinn cinler and the evil eye.

Angels further appear in Alevi cosmogony. Although there is no fixed creation narrative among Alevis, it is generally accepted that God created five archangels, who have been invited to the chamber of God. Inside they found a light representing the light of Muhammad and Ali. A recount of the Quranic story, one of the archangels refused to prostrate before the light, arguing, that the light is a created body just like him and therefore inappropriate to worship.

He remains at God's service, but rejects the final test and turns back to darkness. From this primordial decline, the devil's enmity towards Adam emerged. The archangels constitute of the same four archangels as within orthodox Islam. The fifth archangel namely Azazil fell from grace, thus not included among the canonical archangels apart from this story [22].

Another story features the archangel Gabriel Cebrail , who is asked by God, who they are. Gabriel answers: "I am I and you are you". Gabriel gets punished for his haughty answer and is sent away, until Ali reveals a secret to him.

When God asks him again, he answers: "You are the creator and I am your creation". Afterwards, Gabriel was accepted and introduced to Muhammad and Ali. Like Islam, all Alevis acknowledge at least the four scriptures revealed from heaven. Alevism also acknowledges the Islamic prophet Mohammed peygamber. The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Each Imam represents a different aspect of the world. Each Imam is believed to be a reflection of Ali ibn Abu Talib , the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" Birinci Ali , Imam Hasan the "Second 'Ali" İkinci Ali , and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" Onikinci Ali , Imam Mehdi.

The Twelfth Imam is hidden and represents the Messianic Age. There are two sides to creation, one from a spiritual center to plurality, another from plurality to the spiritual center. Plurality is the separation of pure consciousness from the divine source.

The plurality in nature is attributed to the infinite potential energy of Kull-i Nafs when it takes corporeal form as it descends into being from Allah. This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know.

Linked to the concept of the Prototypical Human is that of the "Perfect Human Being" Insan-i Kamil. Although it is common to refer to Ali and Haji Bektash Veli or the other Alevi saints as manifestations of the perfect human being, the Perfect Human Being is also identified with our true identity as pure consciousness , hence the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, consciousness being pure and perfect.

What's Alevism, what's the understanding of Islam in Alevism? The answers to these questions, instead of the opposite of what's known by many people is that the birthplace of Alevism was never in Anatolia. This is an example of great ignorance, that is, to tell that the Alevism was emerged in Anatolia. Because there was not even one single Muslim or Turk in Anatolia before a specific date.

The roots of Alevism stem from Turkestan — Central Asia. Islam was brought to Anatolia by Turks in 10th and 11th centuries by a result of migration for a period of — years. Before this event took place, there were no Muslim and Turks in Anatolia. Anatolia was then entirely Christian. Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi.

According to scholar Russell Powell there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.

Sunni theological traditions. Theology of Twelvers 5. Other Shia concepts of Aqidah. Qizilbash and the Bektashi Order shared common religious beliefs and practices becoming intermingled as Alevis in spite of many local variations. As a result of the immense pressures to conform to Sunni Islam, Alevis developed a tradition of opposition to all forms of external religion. In particular, much of mystical language in the Alevi tradition is inspired by Sufi traditions.

Some sources link Alevism in particular to the heterodox syncretic [3] Sufi group known as the Bektashi Order , which is also Shi'ite. To prevent penetration by hostile outsiders, the Alevis insisted on strict endogamy which eventually made them into a quasi-ethnic group. Excommunication was the ultimate punishment threatening those who married outsiders, cooperated with outsiders economically, or ate with outsiders.

It was also forbidden to use the state Sunni courts. Similarities with the Alawite sect in Syria exist. Both are viewed as heterodox [ citation needed ] , syncretic Islamic minorities, whose names both mean "devoted to Ali ," the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and fourth caliph following Muhammad as leader of the Muslims , and are located primarily in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Like mainstream Shia they are known as "Twelvers" as they both recognize the Twelve Imams. How the two minorities relate is disputed. According to scholar Marianne Aringberg-Laanatza, "the Turkish Alevis Some sources Martin van Bruinessen and Jamal Shah mistake Alawites living in Turkey to be Alevis calling Alevis "a blanket term for a large number of different heterodox communities" , [42] but others do not, giving a list of the differences between the two groups.

These include their liturgical languages Turkish or Kurdish for Alevi, Arabic for Alawites. Opposing political nationalism, with Alawites supporting their ruling dictatorship and considering Turks including Alevis an "opponent" of its Arab "historic interests".

The first gate religious law is considered elementary and this may be perceived as subtle criticism of other Muslim traditions. A Dede literally meaning grandfather is a traditional leader that is claimed to be from the lineage of Prophet Muhammad that performs ritual baptisms for newborns, officiates at funerals, and organises weekly gatherings at cemevis.

Alevi cultural and other social activities take place in assembly houses Cemevi. Rituals are performed in Turkish , Zazaki , Kurmanji and other local languages. Every song, called a Nefes, has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons. One such song goes thus:. A family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any cem.

The dances symbolize for example the revolution of the planets around the Sun by man and woman turning in circles , and the putting off of one's self and uniting with God. The Rite of Integration görgü cemi is a complex ritual occasion in which a variety of tasks are allotted to incumbents bound together by extrafamilial brotherhood müsahiplik , who undertake a dramatization of unity and integration under the direction of the spiritual leader dede.

During the ceremony Dem is one of the twelve duties of the participants. At the closing of the cem ceremony the Dede who leads the ceremony engages the participants in a discussion chat , this discussion is called a sohbet. There are twelve services Turkish : On İki hizmet performed by the twelve ministers of the cem.

Alevis celebrate and commemorate the birth of Ali, his wedding with Fatima, the rescue of Yusuf from the well, and the creation of the world on this day. Various cem ceremonies and special programs are held. Alevis observe a fast for the first twelve days. Many events are associated with this celebration, including the salvation of Husayn's son Ali ibn Husayn from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue.

Some hold that Khidr comes to the rescue of those in distress on land, while Elijah helps those at sea; and that they meet at a rose tree in the evening of every 6 May. George's Day. In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during the evening.

Müsahiplik roughly, "Companionship" is a covenant relationship between two men of the same age, preferably along with their wives. In a ceremony in the presence of a dede the partners make a lifelong commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The children of covenanted couples may not marry. Those who attain to the third gate marifat , " gnosis " must have been in a müsahiplik relationship for at least twelve years.

Many folk practices may be identified, though few of them are specific to the Alevis. In this connection, scholar Martin van Bruinessen notes a sign from Turkey's Ministry of Religion, attached to Istanbul's shrine of Eyüp Sultan , which presents.

The list is probably an inventory of common local practices the authorities wish to prevent from re-emerging. Other, similar practices include kissing door frames of holy rooms; not stepping on the threshold of holy buildings; seeking prayers from reputed healers; and making lokma and sharing it with others.

Performing ziyarat and du'a at the tombs of Alevi-Bektashi saints or pirs is quite common. In contrast with the traditional secrecy of the Cem ceremony ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness. Alevis are expected to give Zakat but not in the Orthodox-Islamic sense rather there is no set formula or prescribed amount for annual charitable donation as there is in Orthodox Islam 2.

Rather, they are expected to give the 'excess' according to Qur'an verse A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food especially sacrificial animals to be shared with worshippers and guests. In contrast to the Bektashi tariqa , which like other Sufi orders is based on a silsila "initiatory chain or lineage" of teachers and their students, Alevi leaders succeed to their role on the basis of family descent.

This system apparently originated with Safavid Persia. Alevi leaders are variously called murshid , pir , rehber or dede. Groups that conceive of these as ranks of a hierarchy as in the Bektashi tariqa disagree as to the order. The last of these, dede "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. Ocakzade s may attain to the position of dede on the basis of selection by a father from among several sons , character, and learning.

In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles. Ordinary Alevi would owe allegiance to a particular dede lineage but not others on the basis of pre-existing family or village relations. Some fall instead under the authority of Bektashi dargah lodges. In the wake of 20th century urbanization which removed young laborers from the villages and socialist influence which looked upon the Dedes with suspicion , the old hierarchy has largely broken down.

Many Dedes now receive salaries from Alevi cultural centers, which arguably subordinates their role. Such centers no longer feature community business or deliberation, such as the old ritual of reconciliation, but emphasize musical and dance performance to the exclusion of these. According to John Shindeldecker "Alevis are proud to point out that they are monogamous , Alevi women are encouraged to get the best education they can, and Alevi women are free to go into any occupation they choose.

According to Alevis, Ali and Muhammad are likened to the two sides of a coin, or the two halves of an apple. For example, the Alevi concept of God is derived from the philosophy of Ibn Arabi and involves a chain of emanation from God, to spiritual man, earthly man, animals, plants, and minerals. The goal of spiritual life is to follow this path in the reverse direction, to unity with God, or Haqq Reality, Truth.

From the highest perspective, all is God see Wahdat-ul-Wujood. Alevis admire Mansur Al-Hallaj , a 10th-century Sufi who was accused of blasphemy and subsequently executed in Baghdad for saying "I am the Truth" Ana al-Haqq. There is some tension between folk tradition Aleviness and the Bektashi Order, which is a Sufi order founded on Alevi beliefs. The relationship between Alevis and Sunnis is one of mutual suspicion and prejudice dating back to the Ottoman period.

Hundreds of Alevis were murdered in sectarian violence in the years that preceded the coup , and as late as the s dozens were killed with impunity. Muslims should only have one place of worship. Alevis claim that they have been subject to intolerant Sunni "nationalism" that has been unwilling to recognize Alevi "uniqueness. Alevis have been victims of pogroms during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period 11—12th centuries , Turkmen nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs.

These tribes dominated Anatolia for centuries with their religious warriors ghazi spearheading the drive against Byzantines and Crusaders. After the conquest of Constantinople in , the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire.

The resulting Qizilbash revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox Turkmen population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.

In attacks against leftists in the s, ultranationalists and reactionaries killed many Alevis. When he came to power in , then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan initially promised to strengthen the rights of minorities.

The groups are separately organized, but subscribe to "virtually the same system of beliefs". A Turkish scholar working in France has distinguished four main groups among contemporary Alevis, which cautiously show their distinctive features in modern Turkey. The Bektashiyyah is a Shia Sufi order founded in the 13th century by Haji Bektash Veli, a dervish who escaped Central Asia and found refuge with the Seljuks in Anatolia at the time of the Mongol invasions — Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked veneration of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and the ritual commemoration of Ashurah marking the Battle of Karbala.

The old Persian holiday of Nowruz is celebrated by Bektashis as Imam Ali's birthday. In keeping with the central belief of Wahdat Al-Mawjud the Bektashi see reality contained in Haqq-Muhammad-Ali , a single unified entity.

Bektashi do not consider this a form of trinity. Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and mystical interpretation and understanding of the Qur'an and the prophetic practice Sunnah.

They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as Ibn Arabi , Al-Ghazali and Jelalludin Rumi who are close in spirit to them. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order, are nevertheless drawn to it. After some time as a mühip , one can take further vows and become a dervish.

The next level above dervish is that of baba. The baba lit. Above the baba is the rank of halife-baba or dede , grandfather. The dedebaba was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi Order. The Qizilbash red-heads were Turkmen tribes who adhered to the Safavid Sufi Order, whose Sheikhs claimed descent from Ali. Qizilbash and Bektashi tariqah shared common religious beliefs and practices becoming intermingled as Alevis in spite of many local variations.

The doctrine of Qizilbashism is well explained in the following poem written by the Shaykh of Safaviyya tariqah Ismail I :. Haqq-Muhammad-Ali ,. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Alevi. Mystical religious minority. This article is about the religious group in Turkey. For the mainly Arab Shia Muslim sect, see Alawites. For the unique Kurdish beliefs, see Kurdish Alevism. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points.

Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. April The Twelve Imams. Ali Hasan Husayn al-Abidin al-Baqir al-Sadiq al-Kadhim ar-Rida al-Taqi al-Naqi al-Askari al-Mahdi. Dede Murshid Pir Rehber Babas Dergah Jem Cemevi.

Crucial figures and influences. Alevi history. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Faith and Iman concept.

Main articles: Allah , Muhammad-Ali , and Haqq-Muhammad-Ali. Haqq-Muhammad-Ali Muhammad-Ali ALLAH ALI MUHAMMAD Left side: Ali ibn Abi Talib , Center: Muhammad , Right side: Allah.

Reflections of the Qizilbash - Bektashi belief. Main article: The Twelve Imams. See also: Kaysanites Shia , Muhammerah , Khurramites , Qarmatians , Batiniyya , and Hurufism. Five Pillars of Islam. Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj. Seven pillars of Isma'ilism 4 Walayah Tawhid Salah Zakat Sawm Hajj Jihad Theology of Twelvers 5 Principles Tawhid Adalah Prophecy Imamah Qiyamah Practices Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Khums Jihad Commanding what is just Forbidding what is evil Tawalli Tabarri Other Shia concepts of Aqidah Imamate Batin.

Other schools of theology. Main article: Four Doors. Further information: Pir Sufism , Dedes , and Murshid. Main articles: Jem Alevism and Cemevi. Main article: Day of Ashura. Main article: Mourning of Muharram. Main article: Müsahiplik. Main articles: Eyüp Sultan Mosque , Ziyarat , Dua , and Lokma. Holy ziyarat places.

The tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari is a place of ziyarat at the Eyüp Sultan Mosque in Eyüp , Istanbul. Karacaahmet Cemetery in Istanbul , Turkey. Further information: Pir Sufism and Pir Sultan Abdal. Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani , Baghdad, Iraq.

Sufi orders. Notable early Notable modern Singers. Topics in Sufism. Tawhid Sharia Tariqa Haqiqa Ma'rifa Art History Music Persecution Shrines. Ali , Hasan and Husayn in Hagia Sophia. Ali ibn Abu Talib right and Husayn ibn Ali left meddalions in Hagia Sophia.

Hasan ibn Ali meddalion in Hagia Sophia. Main article: Alevi history. Further information: Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu. Further information: Ja'fari , Nusayrism , Hurufism , and Chinarism. Main article: Bektashiyyah. Main article: Wahdat al-mawjud. Seven Pillars. Love of Mohammad and Ahl al-Bayt Purity Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage.

Main articles: Batiniyya and Ismailism. Further information: Bektashism and Hurufism. Main articles: Qizilbash and Safavids. Further information: Khatai , Muhammad-Ali , and Haqq-Muhammad-Ali. Archived from the original on Retrieved Archived from the original on 17 May Retrieved 5 March New York Times.

Retrieved 27 July Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 9 July Turkey's Kurdish Question. ISBN Turkish Studies : ISSN In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett eds. Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. In Bozarslan, Hamit ed. The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. S2CID Sophia University.

Archived from the original on 28 February Norton, W. Ahmet Yesevi Cad. Retrieved 1 May Savory ref. Archived from the original on 23 April Retrieved 27 June The Alevi Of Anatolia: During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia. Edited by Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, and Catharina Raudvere, — Richmond, UK: Curzon, The New York Times. Deutsche Welle. See her article "The significance of müsahiplik among the Alevis" in Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East co-edited by her, with B.

Otter-Beaujean , Brill , p. October Archived from the original PDF on Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identitat in der Türkei der Gegenwart, pp. Archived from the original on 14 July Harvard Divinity School Religious Literacy Project.

Retrieved 31 July Retrieved 9 August Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 22 February World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity.

Retrieved 5 June Retrieved 25 June Leiden: Brill, Isis Press, , p. Minority Rights Group. Sign In. Down 5,, this week. View rank on IMDbPro ». Contribute to IMDb. Update information for Kira Kosnick ».

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Prof. Dr. Kira Kosnick. Sociology with a focus on culture and migration. Research on Transnational Migration; Transformation of Public Spheres; Cultural Theories; Research on Racism and Ethnicity; Ethnographical Methods Prof. Dr. Thomas Lemke. Sociology with a focus on biotechnology, nature and society. Social theory; Sociological theory ...

Migrant Media: Turkish Broadcasting And Multicultural Politics In Berlin (New Anthropologies Of Europe)|Kira Kosnick, Three Translations of the Bhagavad Gita|Swami Swarupananda, The Wood Carver Of Lympus|MARY E WALLER, A pattern of catechistical doctrine, and other minor works of Lancelot Andrewes, sometime lord bishop of Winchester|Lancelot Andrewes. In this innovative and thought-provoking study, Kira Kosnick explores the landscape of broadcasting in Berlin. From hour radio broadcasting in Turkish to programming on Germany's national public broadcasting and local public access channels, Germany's largest immigrant minority has made its presence felt in German levinguitars.eus: 1. Migrant Media: Turkish Broadcasting and Multicultural Politics in Berlin (Paperback) von Kira Kosnick und eine große Auswahl ähnlicher Bücher, Kunst und Sammlerstücke erhältlich auf levinguitars.eu

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In this innovative and thought-provoking study, Kira Kosnick explores the landscape of Turkish-language broadcasting in Berlin. From hour radio broadcasting Klra Turkish to programming on Can Frame national public broadcasting and local public access channels, Germany's largest Kira Kosnick minority has made its presence felt in German media.

Satellite dishes have appeared in migrant neighborhoods all over the city, giving viewers KKosnick to Kurdish channels and broadcasts from Turkey. Kosnick draws on interviews with producers, her own participation in production work, and analysis of programs to elaborate a new approach to "migrant media" in relation to the Kida cultural and political spaces through Kira Kosnick immigrant life is imagined and created. Her Kita is truly timely, as it offers answers to questions that German politicians are now again asking with populist overtones.

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