Back to top. Starting in the midth century however, a revival movement began, often called the "Rhaeto-Romansh renaissance". Choice Reviews Online.

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Translate review to English. Municipalities that used a regional variety as the language of instruction.

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Additionally, Romansh was introduced as a subject in teacher's college in and was recognized as an official language by the canton in Around the same time, grammar and spelling guidelines began to be developed for the regional written dialects. For Sursilvan, a first attempt to standardize the written language was the Ortografia gienerala, speculativa ramontscha by Baseli Carigiet, published in , followed by a Sursilvan-German dictionary in , and the Normas ortografias by Giachen Caspar Muoth in Neither of these guidelines managed to gather much support however.

At the same time, the Canton published school books in its own variety. Sursilvan was then definitely standardized through the works of Gion Cahannes , who published Grammatica Romontscha per Surselva e Sutselva in , followed by Entruidament devart nossa ortografia in The Surmiran dialect had its own norms established in , when the Canton agreed to finance the school book Codesch da lectura per las scolas primaras de Surmeir , though a definite guideline, the Normas ortograficas per igl rumantsch da Surmeir , was not published until In the meantime, the norms of Pallioppi had come under criticism in the Engadine due to the strong influence of Italian in them.

This led to an orthographic reform which was concluded by , when the Pitschna introducziun a la nouva ortografia ladina ufficiala by Cristoffel Bardola was published. A separate written variety for Sutsilvan was developed in by Giuseppe Gangale. Around , the entire Romansh-speaking area still formed a continuous geographical unit. But by the end of the century, the so-called "Central-Grisons language bridge" began to disappear.

Around the turn of the century, the inner Heinzenberg and Cazis became German-speaking, followed by Rothenbrunnen , Rodels , Almens , and Pratval , splitting the Romansh area into two geographically non-connected parts. In the s and s the rest of the villages in the valley became mainly German-speaking, sealing the split. In order to halt the decline of Romansh, the Lia Rumantscha began establishing Romansh day care schools, called Scoletas , beginning in the s with the aim of reintroducing Romansh to children.

Although the Scoletas had some success — of the ten villages where Scoletas were established, the children began speaking Romansh amongst themselves in four, with the children in four others acquiring at least some knowledge of Romansh — the program ultimately failed to preserve the language in the valley. A key factor was the disinterest of the parents, whose main motivation for sending their children to the Scoletas appears to have been that they were looked after for a few hours and given a meal every day, rather than an interest in preserving Romansh.

As a result, the last Scoletas were closed in the s with the exception of Präz , where the Scoleta remained open until In other areas, such as the Engadine and the Surselva, where the pressure of German was equally strong, Romansh was maintained much better and remained a commonly spoken language.

According to the linguist Mathias Kundert, one important factor was the different social prestige of Romansh. In the Engadine and the Surselva by contrast, the elite was itself Romansh-speaking, so that Romansh there was "not only the language spoken to children and cows, but also that of the village notable, the priest, and the teacher.

In the Central Grisons, by contrast, German had been a central part of schooling since the beginning, and virtually all schools switched entirely to German as the language of instruction by , with children in many schools being punished for speaking Romansh well into the s.

Early attempts to create a unified written language for Romansh include the Romonsch fusionau of Gion Antoni Bühler in [65] and the Interrumantsch by Leza Uffer in Neither was able to gain much support, and their creators were largely the only ones actively using them.

The linguist Heinrich Schmid presented to the Lia Rumantscha the same year the rules and directives for this standard language under the name Rumantsch Grischun Rumantsch Grischun: rumantsch grischun. The elaboration of the new standard was endorsed by the Swiss National Fund and carried out by a team of young Romansh linguists under the guidance of Georges Darms and Anna-Alice Dazzi-Gross.

The Lia Rumantscha then began introducing Rumantsch Grischun to the public, announcing that it would be chiefly introduced into domains where only German was being used, such as official forms and documents, billboards, and commercials.

In , the federal administration began to use Rumantsch Grischun for single texts. The same year, however, several influential figures began to criticize the introduction of Rumantsch Grischun.

Donat Cadruvi, at the time the president of the cantonal government, claimed that the Lia Rumantscha was trying to force the issue. Romansh writer Theo Candinas also called for a public debate on the issue, calling Rumantsch Grischun a "plague" and "death blow" to Romansh and its introduction a "Romansh Kristallnacht", [72] thus launching a highly emotional and bitter debate which would continue for several years. The proponents responded by labeling the opponents as a small group of archconservative and narrow-minded Sursilvans and CVP politicians among other things.

They argued that it was an artificial and infertile creation which lacked a heart and soul, in contrast to the traditional dialects. On the other side, proponents called on the Romansh people to nurture the "new-born" to allow it to grow, with Romansh writer Ursicin Derungs calling Rumantsch Grischun a " lungatg virginal " 'virgin language' that now had to be seduced and turned into a blossoming woman.

The opposition to Rumantsch Grischun also became clear in the Swiss census of , in which certain municipalities refused to distribute questionnaires in Rumantsch Grischun, requesting the German version instead. In schools, Rumantsch Grischun was not to replace the regional dialects but only be taught passively. The compromise was largely accepted by both sides. A further recommendation in , known as the "Haltinger concept", also proposed that the regional varieties should remain the basis of the Romansh schools, with Rumantsch Grischun being introduced in middle school and secondary school.

The government of the Grisons then took steps to strengthen the role of Rumantsch Grischun as an official language. Since the cantonal constitution explicitly named Sursilvan and Engadinese as the languages of ballots, a referendum was launched to amend the relevant article. A major change in policy came in , when the cantonal government proposed a number of spending cuts, including a proposal according to which new Romansh teaching materials would not be published except in Rumantsch Grischun from onwards, the logical result of which would be to abolish the regional varieties as languages of instruction.

The cantonal parliament passed the measure in August , even advancing the deadline to The decision was met by strong opposition, in particular in the Engadine, where teachers collected over 4, signatures opposing the measure, [80] followed by a second petition signed by around Romansh writers and cultural figures, [81] including many who were supportive of Rumantsch Grischun but opposed its introduction as a language of instruction.

Opponents argued that Romansh culture and identity was transmitted through the regional varieties and not through Rumantsch Grischun and that Rumantsch Grischun would serve to weaken rather than strengthen Romansh, possibly leading to a switch to German-language schools and a swift Germanization of Romansh areas.

The cantonal government refused to debate the issue again however, instead deciding on a three-step plan in December to introduce Rumantsch Grischun as the language of schooling, allowing the municipalities to choose when they would make the switch. The decision not to publish any new teaching materials in the regional varieties was not overturned at this point, however, raising the question of what would happen in those municipalities that refused to introduce Rumantsch Grischun at all, since the language of schooling is decided by the municipalities themselves in the Grisons.

Few opinions were heard from the Surselva, which was interpreted either as support or resignation, depending on the viewpoint of the observer. The cantonal government aimed to introduce Rumantsch Grischun as the sole language of instruction in Romansh schools by In early , however, a group of opponents in the Surselva and the Engadine founded the association Pro Idioms , demanding the overturning of the government decision of and launching numerous local initiatives to return to the regional varieties as the language of instruction.

In April , Riein became the first municipality to vote to return to teaching in Sursilvan, [87] followed by an additional 4 in December, and a further 10 in early , including Val Müstair returning to Vallader , which had been the first to introduce Rumantsch Grischun. As of September , all those municipalities in the Surselva which had switched to Rumantsch Grischun had decided to return to teaching in Sursilvan, with the exception of Pitasch , which, however, followed later.

Supporters of Rumantsch Grischun then announced that they would take the issue to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland [88] and announced their intention to launch a cantonal referendum to enshrine Rumantsch Grischun as the language of instruction. The Lia Rumantscha opposes these moves and now supports a model of coexistence in which Rumantsch Grischun will supplement but not replace the regional varieties in school.

It cites the need for keeping linguistic peace among Romansh speakers, as it says that the decades-long debate over the issue has torn friends and even families apart. Rumantsch Grischun is still a project in progress. It was taught in upper-secondary schools, in the university of teacher education in Chur and at the universities of Zürich and Fribourg , along with the Romansh idioms. It remains an official and administrative language in the Swiss Confederation and the Canton of the Grisons as well as in public and private institutions for all kinds of texts intended for the whole Romansh-speaking territory.

Until , Surmiran was the only regional variety that was not taught in schools, as all the Surmiran-writing municipalities had switched to Rumantsch Grischun. Rumantsch Grischun is read in the news of Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha and written in the daily newspaper La Quotidiana , along with the Romansh idioms. Thanks to many new texts in a wide variety of political and social functions, the Romansh vocabulary has been decisively broadened. The signatories of "Pro Rumantsch" [94] stress that Romansh needs both the idioms and Rumantsch Grischun if it is to improve its chances in today's communication society.

There also exist individual dictionaries for each of the different idioms: Sursilvan , [95] Vallader , [96] Puter , [97] Surmiran , [98] and Sutsilvan. In Switzerland, official language use is governed by the "territorial principle": Cantonal law determines which of the four national languages enjoys official status in which part of the territory.

Only the federal administration is officially quadrilingual. Romansh is an official language at the federal level, one of the three official languages of the Canton of the Grisons, and is a working language in various districts and numerous municipalities within the canton. The first Swiss constitution of , as well as the subsequent revision of , made no mention of Romansh, which at the time was not a working language of the Canton of the Grisons either.

The federal government did finance a translation of the constitution into the two Romansh varieties Sursilvan and Vallader in , noting, however, that these did not carry the force of law.

However, a distinction was introduced between "national languages" and "official languages". The status of a national language was largely symbolic, whereas only official languages were to be used in official documents, a status reserved for German, French, and Italian. The recognition of Romansh as the fourth national language is best seen within the context of the " Spiritual defence " preceding World War II, which aimed to underline the special status of Switzerland as a multinational country.

Additionally, this was supposed to discredit the efforts of Italian nationalists to claim Romansh as a dialect of Italian and establish a claim to parts of the Grisons. Their aims at the time were to secure a symbolic "right of residence" for Romansh, and not actual use in official documents. For instance, official name registers and property titles had to be in German, French, or Italian.

This meant that Romansh-speaking parents were often forced to register their children under German or Italian versions of their Romansh names. As late as , the Canton of the Grisons was ordered not to make entries into its corporate registry in Romansh. Due to disputes within the Lia Rumantscha over whether the bills were to feature the Sursilvan version " Banca nazionala svizra " or the Vallader version " Banca naziunala svizzra ", the bills eventually featured the Italian version twice, alongside French and German.

Following a referendum on March 10, , Romansh was recognized as a partial official language of Switzerland alongside German, French, and Italian in article 70 of the federal constitution. According to the article, German, French, Italian, and Romansh are national languages of Switzerland. The official languages are declared to be German, French, and Italian, and Romansh is an official language for correspondence with Romansh-speaking people.

Without a unified standard language, the status of an official language of the Swiss Confederation would not have been conferred to Romansh.

It takes time and needs to be promoted to get implemented in this new function. The Swiss Armed Forces attempted to introduce Romansh as an official language of command between and Attempts were made to form four entirely Romansh-speaking companies, but these efforts were abandoned in due to a lack of sufficient Romansh-speaking non-commissioned officers.

Official use of Romansh as a language of command was discontinued in as part of a reform of the Swiss military. The Grisons is the only canton of Switzerland where Romansh is recognized as an official language. No explicit mention of any official language was made in the cantonal constitutions of , , and The constitution of declared that "The three languages of the Canton are guaranteed as national languages, [] without specifying anywhere which three languages are meant.

The new cantonal constitution of recognizes German, Italian, and Romansh as equal national and official languages of the canton. This is usually justified by cantonal officials on the grounds that all Romansh speakers are perfectly bilingual and able to understand and speak German. Cantonal law leaves it to the districts and municipalities to specify their own language of administration and schooling.

According to Article 3 of the cantonal constitution however, the municipalities are to "take into consideration the traditional linguistic composition and respect the autochthonous linguistic minorities". This means that the language area of Romansh has never officially been defined, and that any municipality is free to change its official language. In , Romansh was the sole official language in 56 municipalities of the Grisons, and 19 were bilingual in their administrative business.

Additionally, since the working language of the canton is mainly German and many official publications of the canton are available only in German, it is virtually impossible for a municipal administration to operate only in Romansh. Within the Romansh-speaking areas, three different types of educational models can be found: Romansh schools, bilingual schools, and German schools with Romansh as a subject.

In the Romansh schools, Romansh is the primary language of instruction during the first 3—6 years of the nine years of compulsory schooling, and German during the last 3—9 years. Due to this, this school type is often called the "so-called Romansh school". In 15 municipalities, German was the sole medium of instruction as of , with Romansh being taught as a subject.

Outside of areas where Romansh is traditionally spoken, Romansh is not offered as a subject and as of , 17 municipalities within the historical language area of Romansh do not teach Romansh as a subject.

Outside of the traditional Romansh-speaking areas, the capital of the Grisons, Chur , runs a bilingual Romansh-German elementary school. On the tertiary level, the University of Fribourg offers Bachelor- and Master programs for Romansh language and literature. The Romansh department there has been in existence since The University of Zürich also maintains a partial chair for Romansh language and literature together with the ETH Zürich since Whereas Romansh was spoken as far north as Lake Constance in the early Middle Ages, the language area of Romansh is today limited to parts of the canton of the Grisons; the last areas outside the canton to speak Romansh, the Vinschgau in South Tyrol, became German-speaking in the 17th century.

Furer defines this language area as those municipalities in which a majority declared Romansh as their mother tongue in any of the first four Swiss censuses between and In addition, he includes Fürstenau. This represented municipalities at the time, corresponding to present-day municipalities. This historical definition of the language area has been taken up in many subsequent publications, but the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for instance defines the language area of Romansh as those municipalities, where a majority declared to habitually use Romansh in the census of The presence of Romansh within its traditional language area varies from region to region.

In the Surselva region, it is the habitually spoken language of In the Sutselva region by contrast, Romansh is extinct or only spoken by a small number of older people, with the exception of Schams , where it is still transmitted to children and where some villages still have a Romansh majority, notably in the vicinity of the Schamserberg.

In the Surmiran region, it is the main language in the Surses region, but no longer widely spoken in the Albula Valley. In the Upper Engadine valley, it is a habitually spoken language for In the Lower Engadine , Romansh speakers form the majority in virtually all municipalities, with Outside of the traditional Romansh language area, Romansh is spoken by the so-called "Romansh diaspora", meaning people who have moved out of the Romansh-speaking valleys.

A significant number are found in the capital of Grisons, Chur, as well as in Swiss cities outside of Grisons. The quantitative data from these surveys was summed up by statistician Jean-Jacques Furer in In addition, linguist Regula Cathomas performed a detailed survey of everyday language use, published in Virtually all Romansh-speakers today are bilingual in Romansh and German.

Whereas monolingual Romansh were still common at the beginning of the twentieth century, they are now only found among pre-school children.

The language situation today consists of a complex relationship between several diglossia , since there is a functional distribution within Romansh itself between the local dialect, the regional standard variety, and nowadays the pan-regional variety Rumantsch Grischun as well; and German is also acquired in two varieties: Swiss German and Standard German. The Swiss census of and asked for the "language of best command" as well as for the languages habitually used in the family, at work, and in school.

Previous censuses had only asked for the "mother tongue". In , Romansh was named as the "language of best command" by 39, people, with a decrease to 35, in Overall, a total of 60, people reported that they used Romansch of some sort on a habitual basis, representing 0. In the entire Canton of the Grisons, where about two-thirds of all speakers live, roughly a sixth report it as the language of best command 29, in and 27, in As a family language it was used by Overall, The status of Romansh differs widely within this traditional area however.

Whereas in some areas Romansh is used by virtually the entire population, in others the only speakers are people who have moved there from elsewhere.

Some pressure is often exerted by children, who will sometimes speak Romansh even with their non-Romansh-speaking parents. Even within this district however, the presence of Romansh varies, with Some municipalities still offer Romansh as a foreign language subject in school, though it is often under pressure of being replaced by Italian.

The notably exception is Schams , where it is still regularly transmitted to children and where the language of instruction is Romansh. The highest proportion of habitual speakers is found in Salouf with In the Upper Engadine , it is used habitually by Even though the main every-day and family language is German, Romansh is not in imminent danger of disappearing in the Upper Engadine, due to the strong emotional attachment to the language and in particular the Romansh-language school, which means that a Romansh-speaking core always exists in some form.

Romansh is often a sign of being one of the locals, and used to distinguish oneself from tourists or temporary residents, so that outsiders will sometimes acquire Romansh in order to fit in. The status of Romansh is even stronger in the Val Müstair , where In addition, there is often pressure from inside the family to learn Romansh.

Overall, Jean-Jacques Furer concludes that the shrinkage of the Romansh-speaking areas is continuing, though at different rates depending on the region. As a result, if the overall linguistic situation does not change, speakers will slowly become fewer and fewer with each generation. He also concludes however, that there are still enough speakers to ensure that Romansh will survive in the long term at least in certain regions.

Romansh has up to 26 consonant phonemes. Two are only found in some varieties, and one is found only in loanwords borrowed from German. They have historically been unrounded in the other varieties and are found only in recent loans from German there. They are not found in the pan-regional variety Rumantsch Grischun either. Word stress generally falls either on the last or the penult syllable of a word.

Vowel length is predictable:. The amount of diphthongs varies significantly between dialects. The orthography varies slightly depending on the variety. The vowel inventories of the five regional written varieties differ widely in particular in regards to diphthongs , and the pronunciation often differs depending on the dialect even within them. The orthography of Sutsilvan is particularly complex, allowing for different pronunciations of the vowels depending on the regional dialect, and is not treated in this table.

The following description deals mainly with the Sursilvan dialect, which is the best-studied so far. When possible, such differences are described. A definite article masc. The plural is usually formed by adding the suffix -s. In Sursilvan, masculine nouns are sometimes irregular, with the stem vowel alternating:. A particularity of Romansh is the so-called "collective plural" to refer to a mass of things as a whole:.

Adjectives are declined according to gender and number. Feminine forms are always regular, but the stem vowel sometimes alternates in the masculine forms:. Sursilvan also distinguishes an attributive and predicative form of adjectives in the singular.

This is not found in some of the other dialects however:. There is a T—V distinction between familiar ti and polite vus. The 1st and 2nd person pronouns for a direct object have two distinct forms, with one occurring following the preposition a : dai a mi tiu codisch 'give me your book'. A particularity of Sursilvan is that reflexive verbs are all formed with the reflexive pronoun se- , which was originally only the third person pronoun:. Possessive pronouns occur in a pronominal and a predicative form that differ only in the masculine form, however:.

Three different demonstrative pronouns quel , tschel , and lez are distinguished: A quel fidel jeu, a tschel buc 'I trust that one, but not that other one' or Ed il bab, tgei vegn lez a dir? Verb tenses are divided into synthetic forms present, imperfect and analytic forms perfect, pluperfect, future, passive distinguished by the grammatical moods indicative , subjunctive , conditional , and imperative.

The syntax of Romansh has not been thoroughly investigated so far. Regular word order is subject—verb—object , but subject-auxiliary inversion occurs in several cases, placing the verb at the beginning of a sentence:. A sentence is negated by adding a negative particle. No systematic synchronic description of Romansh vocabulary has been carried out so far.

A project to compile together all known historic and modern Romansh vocabulary is the Dicziunari Rumantsch Grischun , first published in , with the 13th edition currently in preparation.

Apart from placenames, such words are found in landscape features, plant and animal names unique to the Alps, and tools and methods related to alpine transhumance. Engadinese s cumanzar , Italian cominciare , French commencer.

Other examples are memia adv. Some unique innovations include tedlar 'to listen' from Latin titulare and patertgar 'to think' from pertractare. Some Germanic loan words already entered the language in Late Antiquity or the Early Middle Ages, and they are often found in other Romance languages as well.

The change in meaning probably occurred by the way of 'bruised fruit', as is still found in French blet. Others were borrowed into Romansh during the Old High German period, such as glieud 'people' from OHG liut or Surs. Other examples include Surs. In addition, many German words entered Romansh beginning in the 19th century, when numerous new objects and ideas were introduced.

Romansh speakers often simply adopted the German words, such as il zug 'the train' or il banhof 'the train station'. Language purists attempted to coin new Romansh words instead, which were occasionally successful in entering popular usage. Whereas il tren and la staziun managed to replace il zug and il banhof , other German words have become established in Romansh usage, such as il schalter 'the switch', il hebel 'the lever', la schlagbohrmaschina 'the hammer drill', or in schluc 'a sip'.

In a few cases, there was a semantic shift, such as uaffen , "tool", derived from Waffe , "weapon". This means that despite German influence, Romansh has remained a Romance language in its core structure.

In the dialects of the Engadine, by contrast, the influence of Italian is stronger. Aside from the written language, everyday Romansh was also influenced by Italian through the large number of emigrants, especially from the Engadine, to Italy, the so-called Randulin.

These emigrants often returned with their Romansh speech influenced by Italian. German loanwords entered Romansh as early as the Old High German period in the Early Middle Ages, and German has remained an important source of vocabulary since. In Ladin, many such nouns are borrowed or derived from Italian and end in —a, whereas the same group of nouns in Sursilvan frequently ends in —iun and where borrowed either from French or formed through analogy with Latin.

Other Italian words used throughout Romansh include the words for 'nail', which are derived from Italian acuto 'sharp', which has yielded Sur. In Sursilvan, the word ogna 'flat cake' can be found, which is derived from Italian lasagna , with the initial las- having been mistaken for the plural article, and the vowel having been adapted to Sursilvan sound patterns through analogy with words such as muntogna 'mountain'.

In Ladin, Italian borrowings also include words groups not usually borrowed readily. Aside from outright loanwords, the German influence on Romansh often takes the form of calques , where Romanic vocabulary has taken on the meaning of German words, summed up by Italian dialect olog ist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli in as " materia romana e spirito tedesco " "Roman body and German soul". The earliest examples go back to Carolingian times and show the influence of Germanic law.

Particularly common are combinations of verbs with locative adverbs , such as vegnir cun 'to accompany' literally 'to come with' , vegnir anavos 'to come back', far cun 'to participate' literally 'to do with' , far giu 'to agree on' literally 'to do down' , or grodar tras 'to fail' literally 'to fall through'.

Whereas such verbs also occur sporadically in other Romance languages as in French prendre avec 'to take along' or Italian andare via 'to go away', the large number in Romansh suggests an influence of German, where this pattern is common. The verbs far cun 'to participate' or grodar tras 'to fail' for example, are direct equivalents of German mitmachen from mit 'with' and machen 'to do and durchfallen from durch 'through' and fallen 'to fall'. Examples include far il löten 'to solder', far il würzen 'to season', or far il vermissen 'to miss, to feel the absence of'.

German also often serves as a model for the creation of new words. An example is Surs. The Engadinese dialects on the other hand have adopted aspiradur from Italian aspiratore , which, however, does not mean "vacuum cleaner". A skyscraper, which is a direct loan translation from English in many Romance languages as in French gratte-ciel , Italian grattacielo , is a loan translation of German Wolkenkratzer literally 'cloud-scraper' in Sursilvan: il sgrattaneblas from sgrattar 'to scratch' and neblas 'clouds'.

Examples of idiomatic expressions include Surs. Apart from vocabulary, the influence of German is noticeable in grammatical constructions, which are sometimes closer to German than to other Romance languages. Ricarda Liver attributes this to the influence of German.

In contemporary spoken language, adjective forms are often not distinguished from adverbs, as in Sursilvan Jeu mon direct 'I am going directly', rather than Jeu mon directamein. Especially noticeable and often criticized by language purists are particles such as aber , schon , halt , grad , eba , or zuar , which have become an integral part of everyday Romansh speech, especially in Sursilvan.

Negation was originally formed by a double negative in all Romansh dialects. Today, this usage is limited to Surmiran as in ia na sa betg 'I do not know' it has also been included in panregional Rumantsch Grischun. The influence of Romansh on the local vernacular German has not been studied as thoroughly as vice versa. Apart from place names throughout the former speech area of Romansh, only a handful of Romansh words have become part of wider German usage. Such words include "Gletscher" 'glacier' or "Murmeltier" 'marmot' derived from Romansh murmunt , as well as culinary items such as Maluns or Capuns.

The Romansh influence is much stronger in the German dialects of Grisons. In morphosyntax, the use of the auxiliary verb kho 'to come' as opposed to wird 'will' in phrases such as leg di warm a, sunscht khunscht krank 'put on warm clothes, otherwise you will get sick' in Grisons-German is sometimes attributed to Romansh, as well as the lack of a distinction between the accusative and dative case in some Grisons-German dialects and the word order in phrases such as i tet froge jemand wu waiss 'I would ask someone who knows'.

Examples include der Brot 'the bread' or der Gäld 'the money'. The influence of German has been seen in different ways by linguists and language activists. The Italian dialectologist Ascoli for instance described Romansh as "a body that has lost its soul and taken on an entirely foreign one in its place" in the s. Romansh had a rich oral tradition before the appearance of Romansh writing, but apart from songs such as the Canzun da Sontga Margriata , virtually none of it survives.

Prior to the 16th century, Romansh writings are known from only a few fragments, although the Swiss Literary Archives do have a number of collections of Romansh literature, spanning from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Introekk in sum la vall de Favergatscha et introekk eintt la vall da Vafergatscha; la e vcinn faitt una puntt chun dis punt alta e chun dis eintt feder Vinayr. As far up as the Favergatscha valley and into the Vafergatscha valley.

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Translate all reviews to English. Verified Purchase. Die Romane halten was sie im Titel versprechen. Alle sind gut geschrieben und durch die gelungene Wortwahl wird es auch nicht langweilig. Die Romane enthalten neben einer geballten Ladung Erotik auch noch eine Spur von Humor was das Lesen noch angenehmer macht.

Ich kann diesen Band nur empfehlen. One person found this helpful. Translate review to English. Die ersten 2 Romane lesen sich recht spannend und hatten auf mehr gehofft, leider ist der dritte Roman ein absoluter Fantasyroman und nicht mein Stil. Report abuse Translate review to English. Gute Geschichte. Einfach wunderbar. Spannend, romantisch und einer Prise Erotik. Ich will mehr davon. Sehr empfehlenswert. See all reviews.

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